How a potential HIV cure may affect HIV transmission

A mathematical modeling study coordinated by UMC Utrecht has shown that sustained HIV remission (without rebound) or HIV eradication cure scenarios could consistently reduce new HIV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Netherlands as compared to a scenario without a cure. The investigators anticipate that introduction of either of these cure scenarios could contribute to ending the HIV epidemic among MSM in the Netherlands. In contrast, transient HIV remission with a risk of rebound could increase new infections if rebounds are not closely monitored, and could potentially undermine HIV control efforts.

Over the past decades, significant progress has been made toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030. Successes in reducing HIV transmission are particularly notable among men who have sex with men in several Western European countries, including the Netherlands. Since 2008, annual number of HIV diagnoses and HIV incidence among MSM in the Netherlands have declined by approximately 70 percent, largely due to public health interventions such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and the use of antiretroviral treatment (ART) to prevent sexual transmission of HIV. Despite these advances, development of an HIV cure remains a global health priority, as millions of people worldwide depend on lifelong ART for viral suppression and a preventive vaccine is not yet available. People living with HIV, including those in key populations such as MSM, may experience impaired health-related quality of life despite — or in some cases due to — ART. Compared to individuals without HIV, people with HIV are more likely to be dealing with physical and mental health issues due to chronic comorbidities and stigma.

Biomedical research and human clinical trials for curative HIV interventions are advancing rapidly. To date, several patients have been cured of HIV through HIV-resistant stem cell transplants, but a scalable cure has yet to be developed and may take considerable time to become widely available. The consensus is that an acceptable and scalable cure for HIV will most likely require a combination of strategies targeting different aspects of HIV infection. HIV eradication — defined as the complete removal of HIV from the body — represents the ultimate goal for people with HIV. However, HIV remission — where the virus remains suppressed below transmissible levels without ongoing ART — could be a more attainable target for researchers. Strategies that are currently being developed may contribute to both HIV remission and HIV eradication.

An interdisciplinary research group led by infectious disease modeler Ganna Rozhnova, PhD (Research Program Infectious Diseases, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht) assessed whether an effective cure could help end the HIV epidemic. Two cure scenarios were investigated: (1) HIV remission, where the virus is suppressed in an individual without ongoing ART but may rebound, and (2) HIV eradication, which aims to completely remove the virus from the individual. For this study, they developed a mathematical transmission model, calibrated to data from MSM in the Netherlands. The results of this study were published this week in Nature Communications.

The results showed that sustained HIV remission (without rebound) or HIV eradication could consistently reduce new HIV infections compared to a scenario without a cure. In contrast, transient HIV remission with a risk of rebound within a few years could increase new infections if rebounds are not closely monitored, potentially undermining HIV control efforts. Specifically, if the mean time to rebound in individuals who achieve HIV remission is two years, even monitoring as frequently as every two weeks would be insufficient to mitigate the increase in new infections. If the mean time to rebound is six years, new HIV infections would decrease but frequent rebound episodes would require ongoing efforts for rapid viral load monitoring and timely diagnosis of rebounds to maximize the public health benefits of any HIV remission strategy. These findings emphasize the critical role of cure characteristics in maximizing cure benefits for public health and highlight the need to align HIV cure research with public health objectives to end the HIV epidemic.

Principal investigator Ganna Rozhnova concluded: “Our study – the first one to assess the potential impact of an HIV cure on the epidemic among MSM in a Western European country with a low HIV incidence and high ART coverage – suggests that both HIV eradication and sustained HIV remission have the potential to reduce new HIV infections in the Netherlands, contributing to the goal of ending the HIV epidemic. However, transient HIV remission could increase infections if rebounds are not promptly monitored.”

This research is part of the modeling working group, co-led by Ganna Rozhnova, PhD in the SPIRAL consortium (coordinated by virologist Monique Nijhuis, PhD from UMC Utrecht and funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO) and Aidsfonds). The researchers are further adapting the model to explore how different cure characteristics will affect HIV transmission in other settings, including Africa.

De Bellis A, Willemsen MS, Guzzetta G, van Sighem A, Romijnders KAGJ, Reiss P, Schim van der Loeff MF, van de Wijgert JHHM, Nijhuis M, Kretzschmar MEE, Rozhnova G. Model-based evaluation of the impact of a potential HIV cure on HIV transmission dynamics. Nature Communications, 2025;16:3527.

Journal

Nature Communications

DOI

10.1038/s41467-025-58657-x

Method of Research

Computational simulation/modeling

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Model-based evaluation of the impact of a potential HIV cure on HIV transmission dynamics

Article Publication Date

22-Apr-2025

COI Statement

A. van Sighem reports grants, paid to his institution, from the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport through the Centre for Infectious Disease Control of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, and from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). All other authors declare no competing interests.