Scripps Research Institute Scientists Find New Point of Attack on HIV for Vaccine Development
LA JOLLA, CA-April 24, 2014 - A team led by scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) working with the
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) has discovered a new vulnerable site on the HIV virus. The newly identified site can be
attacked by human antibodies in a way that neutralizes the infectivity of a wide variety of HIV strains.
"HIV has very few known sites of vulnerability, but in this work we've described a new one, and we expect it will be useful in developing
a vaccine," said Dennis R. Burton, professor in TSRI's Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and scientific director of the
IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC) and of the National Institutes of Health's Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and
Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID) on TSRI's La Jolla campus.
"It's very exciting that we're still finding new vulnerable sites on this virus," said Ian A. Wilson, Hansen Professor of Structural
Biology, chair of the Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and member of the Skaggs Institute for Chemical
Biology at TSRI and member of the NAC and CHAVI-ID.
The findings were reported in two papers-one led by Burton and the second led by TSRI Assistant Professor Andrew B. Ward, also a member
of NAC and CHAVI-ID, and Wilson-appearing in the May issue of the journal Immunity.
The discovery is part of a large, IAVI- and NIH-sponsored effort to develop an effective vaccine against HIV. Such a vaccine would
work by eliciting a strong and long-lasting immune response against vulnerable conserved sites on the virus-sites that don't vary
much from strain to strain, and that, when grabbed by an antibody, leave the virus unable to infect cells.
Cloaked by Shields
HIV generally conceals these vulnerable conserved sites under a dense layer of difficult-to-grasp sugars and fast-mutating parts of
the virus surface. Much of the antibody response to infection is directed against the fast-mutating parts and thus is only transiently
effective.
Prior to the new findings, scientists had been able to identify only a few different sets of "broadly neutralizing" antibodies,
capable of reaching four conserved vulnerable sites on the virus. All these sites are on HIV's only exposed surface antigen, the
flower-like envelope (Env) protein (gp140) that sprouts from the viral membrane and is designed to grab and penetrate host cells.
The identification of the new vulnerable site on the virus began with tests of blood samples from IAVI Protocol G, in which IAVI and
its NAC partnered with clinical research centers in Africa, India, Thailand, Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States to
collect blood samples from more than 1,800 healthy, HIV-positive volunteers to look for rare, broadly neutralizing antibodies. The
serum from a small set of the samples indeed turned out to block the infectivity, in test cells, of a wide range of HIV isolates,
suggesting the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies. In 2009, scientists from IAVI, TSRI and Theraclone Sciences
succeeded in isolating and characterizing the first new broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV seen in a decade.
Emilia Falkowska, a research associate in the Burton laboratory who was a key author of the first paper, and colleagues soon found a set
of eight closely related antibodies that accounted for most of one of the sample's HIV neutralizing activity. The scientists determined
that the two broadest neutralizers among these antibodies, PGT151 and PGT152, could block the infectivity of about two-thirds of a
large panel of HIV strains found in patients worldwide.
Curiously, despite their broad neutralizing ability, these antibodies did not bind to any previously described vulnerable sites, or
epitopes, on Env-and indeed failed to bind tightly anywhere on purified copies of gp120 or gp41, the two protein subunits of Env.
Most previously described broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies bind to one or the other Env subunit. The researchers eventually
determined, however, that PGT151 and PGT152 attach not just to gp120 or gp41 but to bits of both.
In fact, gp120 and gp41 assemble into an Env structure not as one gp120-gp41 combination but as three intertwined ones-a trimer,
in biologists' parlance. PGT151 and 152 (which are nearly identical) turned out to have a binding site that occurs only on this
mature and properly assembled Env trimer structure.
"These are the first HIV neutralizing antibodies we've found that unequivocally distinguish mature Env trimer from all other forms
of Env," said Falkowska. "That's important because this is the form of Env that the virus uses to infect cells."
Structure Revealed
The second of the two new studies was an initial structural analysis of the new vulnerable epitope.
Using an integrative approach that combined electron microscopy on the Env trimer complex with PGT151 (led by the Ward lab) with the
structure of the PGT151 Fab by x-ray crystallography (led by the Wilson lab), the scientists were able to visualize the location of
the PGT151-series binding site on the Env trimer-which includes a spot on one gp41 protein with two associated sugars (glycans),
a patch on the gp120 protein and even a piece of the adjacent gp41 within the trimer structure-"a very complex epitope," said
Claudia Blattner, a research associate in the Wilson laboratory at TSRI and member of the IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center
who, along with graduate student Jeong Hyun Lee, was a first author of the second paper.
A surprise finding was that the PGT151-series antibodies bind to the Env trimer in a way that stabilizes its otherwise fragile structure.
"Typically when you try to purify the native Env trimer, it falls apart, which has made it very hard to study," said Ward. "It was a key
breakthrough to find an antibody that stabilizes it."
Although the PGT151 site is valuable in itself as an attack point for an HIV vaccine, its discovery also hints at the existence of
other similar complex and vulnerable epitopes on HIV.
Authors and Funding
In addition to the scientists named above, the contributors to the first paper, "Broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies define a novel
glycan-dependent epitope on the pre-fusion conformation of gp41 on cleaved Envelope trimers," were Alejandra Ramos, Jeong Hyun Lee,
Chi-Hui Liang and Pascal Poignard, all from TSRI and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center; Alejandro Ramirez, Ryan McBride,
Michael B. Zwick and James C. Paulson from TSRI; Katie J. Doores from King's College London School of Medicine; Ronald
Derking, Marit J. van Gils and Rogier W. Sanders from the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; Sachin S. Shivatare,
Chung-Yi Wu and Chi-Huey Wong of Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Po-Ying Chan-Hui and Kristine Swiderek of
Theraclone Sciences, Inc., Seattle; Yan Liu and Ten Feizi of Imperial College London; Michael S. Seaman of
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston; John P. Moore of Weill Medical College of Cornell
University; and Wayne C. Koff of IAVI in New York City.
The contributors to the second paper, "Structural delineation of a quaternary, cleavage-dependent epitope at the gp41-gp120 interface on
intact HIV-1 Env trimers," included Kwinten Sliepen, Ronald Derking, Alba Torrents de la Peņa, Marit van Gils and Rogier W. Sanders from
the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; Albert Cupo and John P. Moore of Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Jean-Philippe
Julien and Pascal Poignard of TSRI and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center; and Wenjie Peng and James C. Paulson of TSRI.
Funding for the first study came from IAVI; the National Institutes for Health (grant AI33232, HIVRAD P01 AI82362); the NIH-funded Center
for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID) (grant UM1AI100663); The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General
Hospital, MIT and Harvard; and the Aids Fonds Netherlands (grants #2011032, #2012041).
Funding for the second study was provided by IAVI, CHAVI-ID (UM1 AI100663); NIH (P30AI036214, HIVRAD P01 AI082362 and R01 AI084817); the
University of California, San Diego Center for AIDS Research; The California HIV/AIDS Research Program; Aids Fonds Netherlands
(grant #2011032); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research; the European Research Council; and the German
Academic Exchange Service.
IAVI's funding of this work arose in part from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). USAID administers the
foreign assistance program providing economic and humanitarian assistance in more than 120 countries worldwide.
About The Scripps Research Institute
The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) is one of the world's largest independent, not-for-profit organizations focusing on research
in the biomedical sciences. TSRI is internationally recognized for its contributions to science and health, including its role in
laying the foundation for new treatments for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, and other diseases. An institution that
evolved from the Scripps Metabolic Clinic founded by philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps in 1924, the institute now
employs about 3,000 people on its campuses in La Jolla, CA, and Jupiter, FL, where its renowned scientists-including
three Nobel laureates-work toward their next discoveries. The institute's graduate program, which awards PhD
degrees in biology and chemistry, ranks among the top ten of its kind in the nation. For more information,
see www.scripps.edu .
About IAVI
The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) is a global not-for-profit organization whose mission is to ensure the development
of safe, effective, accessible, preventive HIV vaccines for use throughout the world. Founded in 1996, IAVI works with private
companies, academics, and civil society partners in 25 countries to research, design, and develop AIDS vaccine candidates.
In addition, IAVI conducts policy analyses and serves as an advocate for the AIDS vaccine field. IAVI supports a
comprehensive approach to addressing HIV and AIDS that balances the expansion and strengthening of existing
HIV-prevention and treatment programs with targeted investments in the design and development of new tools
to prevent HIV. IAVI is dedicated to ensuring that a future AIDS vaccine will be available and accessible to all who need it.
IAVI's work is made possible by generous support from many donors including: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of Denmark; Irish Aid; the Ministry of Finance of Japan; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands; the Norwegian Agency
for Development Cooperation (NORAD); the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), and the United States Agency
for International Development (USAID). The full list of IAVI donors is available at www.iavi.org. These studies were made possible
in part by the generous support of the American people through USAID. The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do
not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. See www.iavi.org.
###
For information:
Office of Communications
Tel: 858-784-2666
Fax: 858-784-8136
press@scripps.edu
Source: The Scripps Research Institute
For more HIV and AIDS News visit...
Positively Positive - Living with HIV/AIDS:
HIV/AIDS News
|
