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New electron microscopy images reveal the assembly of HIV
EMBL researchers provide the as yet closest look at the structure of immature HIV
Heidelberg, 22 June 2009 - Scientists at the European
Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and the University
Clinic Heidelberg, Germany, have produced a three-dimensional
reconstruction of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus), which shows the structure of the immature form of the
virus at unprecedented detail. Immature HIV is a precursor of
the infectious virus, which can cause AIDS. The study, published
in the 22-26 June online edition of PNAS, describes how
the protein coat that packages the virus' genetic material
assembles in human cells. Drugs that block this assembly
process and prevent the virus from maturing into its infectious
form are considered a promising therapeutic approach.
HIV consists of an RNA molecule that carries the genetic
information of the virus and is surrounded by protective protein
and membrane layers. During infection the virus deposits
its genetic material into a human cell where it reprogrammes
the host cell machinery to generate many copies of the viral
genome and initiates the production of a viral protein called
Gag. In the immature virus, many copies of Gag interact to
form a roughly spherical lattice that encloses the virus' genetic
material.The virus then leaves the cell with the help of proteins
of the host and infects new cells.
Using a method called cryoelectron tomography researchers in
the groups of John Briggs at EMBL and Hans-Georg
Kräusslich at the University Clinic Heidelberg generated the as yet highest resolution 3D computer reconstruction images of
the immature Gag lattice. The results suggest a simple model of
HIV formation in human cells: multiple Gag proteins interact
to form a hexameric lattice that grows with an inherent curvature
and that incorporates new proteins stochastically. Several
further steps in which Gag is cleaved by an enzyme are necessary
to transform this immature lattice into its mature, infectious
form.
Briggs and his team are now working on producing an even
higher resolution structure of the protein lattice to gain a more
detailed understanding of the virus' assembly and maturation
processes, which may eventually help to find weak points that
could be targeted by drugs.
Cryoelectron tomography is a technique with which a sample
is instantly frozen in its natural state and then examined with
an electron microscope. Images are taken from different directions
and assembled into an accurate 3D reconstruction by a
computer.
Source: Article Briggs, J.A.G. et al. Structure and assembly of immature HIV. PNAS online, 22 June 2009
http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/aboutus/news/pr_archive/2009/090622_Heidelberg/Press22Jun09.pdf
About EMBL
The European Molecular Biology Laboratory is a basic research institute funded by public research monies from 20 member states
(Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom) and associate member state Australia. Research at EMBL is conducted
by approximately 80 independent groups covering the spectrum of molecular biology. The Laboratory has five units: the main
Laboratory in Heidelberg, and Outstations in Hinxton (the European Bioinformatics Institute), Grenoble,Hamburg, and Monterotondo
near Rome. The cornerstones of EMBL's mission are: to perform basic research in molecular biology; to train scientists, students and
visitors at all levels; to offer vital services to scientists in the member states; to develop new instruments and methods in the life sciences
and to actively engage in technology transfer activities. EMBL's International PhD Programme has a student body of about 170. The
Laboratory also sponsors an active Science and Society programme.Visitors from the press and public are welcome.
Simplified representation of HIV's lifecycle:
The HIV lifecycle begins with the interaction of a virus particle with a receptor on the surface
of a cell (step 1), which leads to fusion of the viral and cellular membranes (step 2) and deposition of the viral contents into the cell
(step 3). The viral RNA genome is reverse transcribed resulting in DNA copy,which is imported into the nucleus (step 5).Within the nucleus,
the viral DNA is integrated into the host cell genome (step 6). The virus may now enter a period of latency. The late stages of the viral
lifecycle begin when the viral genome is transcribed from within the host genome (step 7), exported from the nucleus (step 8) and translation
of the viral proteins by host cell machinery begins (step 9). The major structural protein, Gag, is transported to the plasma membrane
where it directs assembly of the viral coat, and incorporates other viral proteins and the viral genome (step 10). The virus buds
through the cell membrane (step 11), and Gag is cleaved by the viral protease in five places. This leads to a structural change of the virion
into its mature infectious form (step 12), which is capable of fusing with a new susceptible cell.
Press Contact
Anna-Lynn Wegener
Press Officer
Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
Tel:
+49 (0) 6221 387-8452
Email:anna.wegener@embl.de
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European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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