Study finds HIV 'superinfection' boosts immune response
Findings may provide insight into HIV-vaccine development
29-Mar-2012 - SEATTLE - Women who have been infected by two different strains of HIV from two different
sexual partners - a condition known as HIV superinfection - have more potent antibody responses that block the replication of the virus
compared to women who've only been infected once. These findings, by researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle,
are published online March 29 in PLoS Pathogens.
"We found that women who had been infected twice not only had more potent antibody responses, but some of these women
had 'elite' antibody activity, meaning that they had a broad and potent ability to neutralize a wide variety of strains of HIV over
a sustained period time," said senior author Julie Overbaugh, Ph.D., a member of the Hutchinson Center's Human Biology Division.
It is estimated that only about 1 percent of people with HIV are so-called "elite neutralizers" who are able to potently
neutralize multiple subtypes of the virus.
"Individuals who become superinfected with a second virus from a different partner represent a unique opportunity
for studying the antibody response and may provide insights into the process of developing broad neutralizing antibodies that
could inform HIV-vaccine design," she said.
The study suggests that harboring a mixture of different viral strains may be one way to promote a robust antibody response.
The findings also suggest that being infected with two different HIV strains not only leads to a strong response, but also a more rapid
response that is capable of recognizing many other HIV strains.
The researchers tracked the immune activity of 12 superinfected women from Mombasa, Kenya, over a five-year period and
compared each to a control group of three singly infected women. Overbaugh and lead author Valerie Cortez, a doctoral student in her
lab, assessed the ability of antibodies present in superinfected and singly infected women to neutralize a spectrum of circulating
HIV-1 variants. In doing so they were able to determine whether the presence of two viruses compared to one made a difference in
immune response. The researchers controlled for variables such as antibody response prior to superinfection and biomarkers of
immunity such as CD4+ T cell count and viral load.
The study found that superinfected women had, on average, 1.68 times more neutralizing antibodies than non-superinfected
women, and they scored much higher in their ability to neutralize the virus - superinfected women had 1.46 times greater potency than
the singly infected women.
More than 1.1 million Americans are estimated to be living with HIV today, and every nine-and-a-half minutes someone in
the U.S. becomes infected, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. An HIV vaccine is considered the best
approach to long-term protection from HIV infection, but attempts to develop such a vaccine so far have meet with limited success.
"The holy grail of an HIV vaccine is to elicit antibodies to the virus because antibodies have been shown to block virus
infection. But there has been little progress in determining how to elicit such antibodies with a vaccine. The study of individuals
HIV infected who have developed strong antibody responses to the virus may shed light on the best approach to design a vaccine
that will induce an effective immune response," Overbaugh said.
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The National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute supported the research, which involved
collaborators at the University of Washington and the University of Nairobi in Kenya.
At Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, our interdisciplinary teams of world-renowned scientists and humanitarians work together
to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer, HIV/AIDS and other diseases. Our researchers, including three Nobel laureates, bring a
relentless pursuit and passion for health, knowledge and hope to their work and to the world. For more information,
please visit www.fhcrc.org.
Source: EurekAlert!
Contact: Kristen Woodward
kwoodwar@fhcrc.org
206-667-5095
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
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